Running the first example code you posted and entering your string does not yield your posted output; rather, it yields the correct output from your second code sample. Have you tested your posted code as written?
#!/usr/bin/perl
print "get some string: ";
chomp($string = <STDIN>);
#$string = $ARGV[0];
#chomp($string);
$string =~ m/\/([[:alnum:]]+)_.*\.(.+)$/;
print "$1\n";
$type = $2;
print "$type\n";
$string =~ m/(.+)\.${type}$/;
#$string =~ m/(.+)\.${type}\Z/;
#$string =~ m/(.+)\.${type}\z/;
#$string =~ m/(.+)\.${type}/;
print "$1\n";
exit 0;
~/sandbox$ perl junk.pl
get some string: /xxxx/yyyy/ZZZ_xxxx.CCC
ZZZ
CCC
/xxxx/yyyy/ZZZ_xxxx
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