Try to check content of the hash:

use strict;

my $test = 'The brown fox int(10) over float(200) fence.';

my %dict = (
    'brown'      => 'yellow',
    /int(\d+)/   => 'int',
    /float(\d+)/ => 'float',
);

use Data::Dumper;
warn Dumper \%dict;
__END__
$VAR1 = {
          'int' => 'float',
          'brown' => 'yellow'
        };
[download]

And if you'd use warnings...

Perhaps you also will be interested in:

my %dict = (
    'brown'      => 'yellow',
    qr/int(\d+)/   => 'int',
    qr/float(\d+)/ => 'float',
);
[download]

Update: And what you actually want, if I got you right, is:

use strict;

my $test = 'The brown fox int(10) over float(200) fence.';

my %dict = (
    'brown'      => 'yellow',
    'int\(\d+\)'   => 'int',
    'float\(\d+\)' => 'float',
);

for my $i ( keys %dict ) {
    $test =~ s/$i/$dict{$i}/gi;
}

print "$test\n";
[download]

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