I'd say, start from the basics. Can you, from the same machine you're running the CPAN shell, actually FTP to a CPAN mirror? Try different mirrors if it fails. If you can connect, is your FTP connection using active or passive mode? If it's in active mode, it's the remote server that sets up the data connection - which may be blocked by your firewall(s). If you cannot connect using FTP, can you connect using HTTP? Try just doing a GET request first - or even a plain telnet to port 80 (or whatever port the mirror is using).
If all that is failing, but you can ssh out to some machine (internally or externally) that can FTP or HTTP to a CPAN mirror, you could always set up an ssh tunnel.
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