Using a lookup as suggested by Eliya and Jim but instead of using a regex capture it seems simpler to just split into individual characters and feed into a map doing a lookup in a ternary.
knoppix@Microknoppix:~$ perl -E '
> %esc = (
> qq{\n} => q{\n},
> qq{\r} => q{\r},
> q{ } => q{\s},
> );
> $str = qq{1\r\n 2 \n};
> say qq{Saw $_} for
> map { exists $esc{ $_ } ? $esc{ $_ } : $_ }
> split m{}, $str;'
Saw 1
Saw \r
Saw \n
Saw \s
Saw 2
Saw \s
Saw \n
knoppix@Microknoppix:~$
I hope this is helpful.
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