The $id keeps coming up empty.
That's because $id interpolates into the double-quoted string at the time the (Perl) statement is executed. When you later assign some value to $id, that value won't magically be updated in the string.
(Under the hood, interpolation is implemented as concatenation, i.e., it's essentially just another way of saying "select * from gene where gene_id = '" . $id . "'".)
In other words, move
my $sql1="select * from gene where gene_id = '$id'";
down to after you've assigned something to $id.
That said, it would be better still to use a placeholder...
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