I'm not sure where you are going with this, or if it's a good place to go, but it's possible to do something like what you describe in the second part of your question:

#! perl -slw
use strict;

sub freaky {
    my $ref = \@_;
    return sub { 
        print "$ref->[ 0 ] $_[ 0 ]"; 
        $ref->[ 0 ] = 'joe';
        $_[ 0 ] = 'john';
    }
}

my $outerArg = 'bill';
my $freaky = freaky( $outerArg );

my $innerArg = 'fred';
$freaky->( $innerArg );

print "$innerArg $outerArg";

( $innerArg, $outerArg ) = ( 'kate', 'suzy' );

my $innerArg2 = 'bluto';
$freaky->( $innerArg2 );

print "$innerArg $innerArg2 $outerArg";

__END__
P:\test>374759
bill fred
john joe
suzy bluto
kate john joe
[download]

The difference between this and your example is that the anonymous sub can affect the values of the arguments to the outer sub after the fact.