You can use the program podchecker (see its man page) and check the status code returned on the the shell (2 means no pod found). Looking at its source, it uses the podchecker() function from Pod::Checker which returns -1 if no valid pod found.

use Pod::Checker;
my $rc = podchecker($filepath, $outputpath, %options);
if( $rc > 0 ){
  # errors
}elsif( $rc < 0 ){
  # no pod found
}else{
  # ok!
}
[download]