At the risk of being pedantic, I should point out that there's an equivalence between regular expressions and finite automata. It's this: Sentences in any regular grammar (i.e. one whose rules consist solely of a regular expression) can be parsed by a finite automaton.
What you're referring to with Conway's Game of Life is a cellular automaton. This is a possibly infinite automaton with local transformation rules that could be (and are in Conway's case) regular.
The grammar I describe is neither a regular grammar, nor a context-free grammar (whose sentences can be parsed by adding a stack to a finite state automaton), but a transformational grammar, which requires the full power of a Turing machine to parse.
As to tracks of different radii, they can indeed be accomodated by the grammar approach by assigning unique symbols to curves of each length and radius. |