Re^2: what is the function should I need to use for trim white spaces ?

($_ = $before) =~ s/^\s+|\s+$//g;
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Just as a minor nitpick I'd localise $_, but then I wouldn't bind with =~, I'd just

local $_ = $before;
s/^\s+|\s+$//g;
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or else

(my $after = $before) =~ s/^\s+|\s+$//g;
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