Similar syntax exists in Haskell and is called a guard.

-- Here the |s should be read as one vertical line, like a mathematica
+l function def.
fact n      | n == 0    = 1
            | otherwise = n * fact (n - 1)

-- Here's the same thing in different style, the same one as I'd used 
+earlier and
-- called "declarative", sometimes called direct pattern matching, bec
+ause each
-- variant gets to bind whatever it managed to match.
fact 0 = 1
fact n = n * fact (n - 1)
[download]

There are plenty of non-syntactic variations on this theme. The scanl one is my favorite.