$_ is the default variable, when you don't supply one.  It can be used as the default to many functions, as well as the default value in numerous contexts, and is kind of similar to the English pronoun "it".

For example, you could either do:

foreach my $value ('1', '2', '3') {
    print "Next value is $value\n";
}
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Or you could do, instead:

foreach ('1', '2', '3') {
    print "Next value is $_\n";
}
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In contrast, @_ is the default array.  One place where it's used quite extensively is in a subroutine, to refer to passed arguments.

For example:

sub do_something {
    my ($arg1, $arg2) = @_;
    printf "You passed arguments '%s' and '%s'\n", $arg1, $arg2;
}
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To begin to get acquainted with hashes (and a lot more), please read perlintro for starters.

Thank you very much, that explained a lot to me. I get it now. @others: Yes, I am at the beginning of my PERL journey, and I thank everyone who posted.

Thank you very much, that explained a lot to me. I get it now. @others: Yes, I am at the beginning of my PERL journey, and I thank everyone who posted.

Lesson #1: it's not PERL, but either Perl or perl. See also PERL as shibboleth and the Perl community. However, to expand on the answers you got thus far: yes, $_ and @_ are special variables, described along with all the other special vars in perldoc perlvar. While it is true that the former is the default scalar variable in the sense that many constructs default to it, I wouldn't go so far as to say that the latter is the "default array": in fact it is much a technical device for parameter passing in subs, which in Perl 5 is in fact both extremely simple and has far reaching consequences. In Perl 6 by contrast @_ will still be there but thanks to the much more complex and powerful mechanism for parameter passing, you won't need most of the time. Back to 5, you can still use @_ as a generic array, but as someone said, this kind things smells. One situation in which you may want to assign to @_ is when you want to use magic goto (BTW: don't you ever use non-magic one), but that is an advanced topic that I would postpone to a much later lesson.

In your OP you also write "I also do not quite understand how to work a hash." Well, this is a very basic Perl topic covered in the first few chapters or pages of any introductory book or tutorial. So I'm not even trying to explain to you how to work with a hash in Perl in any detail, because for sure there are lots of people already doing that far better than I ever could. I'll just tell you what a hash is: a mapping from some finite set (of strings) into some other (also finite, for obvious reasons) set, implemented in such a way that lookup is generally quite fast (but generally you don't care at all).

How to use hashes (and arrays and scalars), see perldata.

@_ and $_ are the default array and scalar. For instance shift and pop without arguments modify @_, and print without arguments prints the current value of $_.

@_ also gets set with the arguments to the current subroutine and $_ is used as a general single argument. See perlsub and perlvar.

Welcome to the Monastery. Yes, you are posting in the right place.

Your question indicates that you are at the very start of your Perl journy so I strongly recommend you read through the Tutorials Getting Started with Perl and Getting Deeper Into Perl sections. Reading the Llama (Learning Perl) will help too.