Just for fun, the first solution that came into my head. It's not the most efficient (I agree with the use of glob as a practical solution) but I think it's reasonably simple to understand. No recursion, only iteration.

use strict;

my @data = qw( 00- 0101 011- 1-0- );

while (grep /-/, @data) {
  @data = map do {
    unless (/-/) {
      $_;
    } else {
      my ($zero, $one);
      ($zero = $_) =~ s/-/0/;
      ($one = $_) =~ s/-/1/;
      ($zero, $one);
    }
  }, @data;
}

print join(" ", map oct "0b$_", @data), "\n";
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Note that the grep can actually be removed if you don't mind having a 'map' with side-effects; you can keep track of whether you did any replacements as you go along, and stop after the first time that there weren't any.