Erm, caller isn't going to do you much good unwinding the call stack (figuring out where in the stack you are, yes; manipulating it, no).

As has been pointed out eval and die are Perl for try and throw. If you're looking for something more oop-y perhaps something like Exception::Class (mentioned here very recently) would serve?

Also, exceptions (the argument to die(), $@) can be any object. See die.

Update: you may also be interested in goto.

sub baz {
   my $data = "something";  # Doesn't have to be a string
   die($data);
}

sub bar {
   baz();
}

sub foo {
   bar();
}

#main
if (!eval { foo(); 1 }) {
   print("Got data from deep function: $@");
}
[download]

I suspect what you are asking for is to be able to return the point of execution to the state that pertained just before the exception was thrown, but with conditions altered to avoid the throw. You would need a modified die to achieve that which calls error handling at the point of failure and is capable of rerunning the failing statement following the return from the handler.

While such an animal may be possible (most processors handle math exceptions and memory issues that way), it's non-trivial in an arbitrary context and would probably require fiddling with Perl's internals. You would be much better to rethink your error handling to avoid the problem - perhaps by wrapping a sub in an eval block and retrying the sub on error?