Can I use Win32::ODBC on Linux?

No.

Makefile.PL:

unless ($^O eq "MSWin32" || $^O eq "cygwin") {
    die "OS unsupported\n";
}
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ODBC.xs:

#include <windows.h>
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But you can use UnixODBC and DBD::ODBC. Unless you have a reason to go low level, you're better off going with DBI (and thus DBD::ODBC) even if you could use Win32::ODBC.