• autodie for IO operations.
• RaiseError with DBI.
• XML::Parser: A die call is thrown if a parse error occurs.
• XML::LibXML will throw an exception if a parsing error occurs.
• warnings can be elevated to fatals. See perllexwarn.
• strict will make some risky behaviors an error that won't allow execution to begin.
• perlrun: Taint mode will throw an exception if it catches you doing unsafe things with tainted input.
• You can, of course, pepper your code with or die $! or or die "Message..."

There are plenty of other possibilities too, if we knew what you're after.