perl -ne 'print if $. >= 17 && $. <= 30' infile.txt > output.txt
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That can be written more simply as:

perl -ne 'print if 17 .. 30' infile.txt > output.txt
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The comparison to $. is done automatically.

Your program needs a while loop:

open INFILE,  '<', $inFile  or die "Can't open $inFile : $!";
open OUTFILE, '>', $outFile or die "Can't open $outFile : $!"; 

while ( <INFILE> ) {
    print OUTFILE if 17 .. 30;
    }

close INFILE or die "can't close $inFile : $!"; 
close OUTFILE or die "can't close $outFile : $!";
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