My preferred way to escape a special regex character, e.g the alternation(|) character, is to use a character class:
use strict;
use warnings;
use 5.014;
my $pattern =<<'END_OF_PATTERN';
1QJ8:A #These characters, followed by...
[|] #a literal pipe, followed by...
PDBID #these characters, folllowed by...
[|] #a literal pipe, followed by...
CHAIN #this word
END_OF_PATTERN
my $str = '1QJ8:A...PDBID....CHAIN...1QJ8:A|PDBID|CHAIN';
my @matches = $str =~ /$pattern/gxms;
say "@matches";
--output:--
1QJ8:A|PDBID|CHAIN
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