I've tested both cwd() and getcwd() before, and looked at the source. They both resolve symlinks. And the pwd and PWD variable from bash are not the same.

UPDATE:Okay, so when we type pwd in bash by default we get the shell builtin, not the external Unix utility (/bin/pwd on my system). And the shell's pwd defaults to -L (logical) and we get the bash PWD. The external Unix utility defaults to -P (physical) which resolves symlinks. And if we run /bin/pwd -L, it still retrieves from PWD environment variable. Confirming my original question, we do need PWD and there's no way in Perl we can get the same version without PWD.

In reply to Re^4: Getting the absolute path of a script, without PWD (update) by perlancar
in thread Getting the shell's version of working directory, without PWD's help by perlancar

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