At first sight it looked as if a minor modification was necessary, but grep has run through the array and returned a list before the lhs can get at each match variable, preventing them being assigned to keys of %inp (normally you'd use $1 not $_).
map was probably invented for this kind of reason. But the example doesn't really demand it that strongly when the lhs is a hash - 'for' still seems adequate and simple to me:
#!/usr/bin/perl
use strict ;
use warnings ;
my @inp = ("abc_A_bla", "abc_B_bla", "abc_C_bla") ;
my %inp ;
$inp{ $1 } = /\w{3}_(\w)/ || next for @inp;
foreach ( keys %inp ) {
print "Found $_\n" ;
}
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