A common practice in machine learning is to preprocess the data before building a model. One popular preprocessing technique is data normalization. Normalization puts the variables in a restricted range (with a zero mean and 1 standard deviation). This is important to achieve efficient and precise numerical computation.

In this snippet, I present how to do data normalization using the Perl Data Language. The input is a piddle (see comment below for a definition) in which each column represents a variable and each row represents a pattern. The output is a piddle (in which each variable is normalized to have a 0 mean and 1 standard deviation), and the mean and standard deviation of the input piddle.

What are Piddles?

They are a new data structure defined in the Perl Data Language. As indicated in RFC: Getting Started with PDL (the Perl Data Language):

Piddles are numerical arrays stored in column major order (meaning that the fastest varying dimension represent the columns following computational convention rather than the rows as mathematicians prefer). Even though, piddles look like Perl arrays, they are not. Unlike Perl arrays, piddles are stored in consecutive memory locations facilitating the passing of piddles to the C and FORTRAN code that handles the element by element arithmetic. One more thing to note about piddles is that they are referenced with a leading $

Cheers,

lin0

#!/usr/bin/perl
use warnings;
use strict;

use PDL;
use PDL::NiceSlice;

# ================================
# normalize
# ( $output_data, $mean_of_input, $stdev_of_input) = 
#   normalize( $input_data )
#
# processess $input_data so that $output_data
# has 0 mean and 1 stdev
#
# $output_data = ( $input_data - $mean_of_input ) / $stdev_of_input
# ================================
sub normalize {
    my ( $input_data ) = @_;
    my ( $mean, $stdev, $median, $min, $max, $adev )
        = $input_data->xchg(0,1)->statsover();
    
    my $idx = which( $stdev == 0 );
    $stdev( $idx ) .= 1e-10;
    my ( $number_of_dimensions, $number_of_patterns )
        = $input_data->dims();
    my $output_data
        = ( $input_data - $mean->dummy(1, $number_of_patterns) ) 
        / $stdev->dummy(1, $number_of_patterns);
    
    return ( $output_data, $mean, $stdev );
}

[download]

In reply to Data Normalization with PDL by lin0

Title:
Use:  <p> text here (a paragraph) </p>
and:  <code> code here </code>
to format your post, it's "PerlMonks-approved HTML":


  • Posts are HTML formatted. Put <p> </p> tags around your paragraphs. Put <code> </code> tags around your code and data!
  • Titles consisting of a single word are discouraged, and in most cases are disallowed outright.
  • Read Where should I post X? if you're not absolutely sure you're posting in the right place.
  • Please read these before you post! —
  • Posts may use any of the Perl Monks Approved HTML tags:
    a, abbr, b, big, blockquote, br, caption, center, col, colgroup, dd, del, details, div, dl, dt, em, font, h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, hr, i, ins, li, ol, p, pre, readmore, small, span, spoiler, strike, strong, sub, summary, sup, table, tbody, td, tfoot, th, thead, tr, tt, u, ul, wbr
  • You may need to use entities for some characters, as follows. (Exception: Within code tags, you can put the characters literally.)
            For:     Use:
    & &amp;
    < &lt;
    > &gt;
    [ &#91;
    ] &#93;
  • Link using PerlMonks shortcuts! What shortcuts can I use for linking?
  • See Writeup Formatting Tips and other pages linked from there for more info.