$ alias perle
alias perle='perl -Mstrict -Mwarnings -Mautodie=:all -MCarp::Always -E'

##</code><code>##

$ perle '
    my $base = "1231600014";
    my @possibles = qw{
        012212316000140
        01221231600014
        2212316000140
        1221231600014
        221231600014
        1231600014
    };
    my $re = qr{${base}\d?$};

    for (@possibles) {
        if (/$re/) {
            say "$_ MATCH";
        }
        else {
            say "$_ NO MATCH";
        }
    }
'
012212316000140 MATCH
01221231600014 MATCH
2212316000140 MATCH
1221231600014 MATCH
221231600014 MATCH
1231600014 MATCH

##</code><code>##

$ perle '
    my @possibles = qw{
        012212316000140
        01221231600014
        2212316000140
        1221231600014
        221231600014
        1231600014
    };

    my %re_map = (
        10 => qr{^(\d{10})$},
        12 => qr{^\d{2}(\d{10})$},
        13 => qr{^(?:(?:18|19|20|21|22)(\d{10})\d|\d{3}(\d{10}))$},
        14 => qr{^\d{4}(\d{10})$},
        15 => qr{^\d{4}(\d{10})\d$},
    );

    for (@possibles) {
        my $re = $re_map{+length};
        /$re/ and say $1 // $2;
    }
'
1231600014
1231600014
1231600014
1231600014
1231600014
1231600014