# match character data
        } elsif( $text =~ /(^[^&&>]+)/ ) {
print "char data";
            my $data = $1;
            # make sure the data is inside an element
            return if( $data =~ /\S/ and not( @elements ));
            $text = $';

##</code><code>##

$rc=is_well_formed ("<memo>
  <to>self</to>
  <message>Don't forget to mow the car and wash the
  lawn.</message>
</memo>");
$report = ( $rc ) ? "okay" : "bad";
print "$report\n";

sub is_well_formed {
    my $text = shift;                     # XML text to check

    print "text to check:\n$text\n";
    # match patterns
    my $ident = '[:_A-Za-z][:A-Za-z0-9\._-]*';   # identifier
    my $optsp = '\s*';                            # optional space
    my $att1 = "$ident$optsp=$optsp\"[^\"]*\"";   # attribute
    my $att2 = "$ident$optsp=$optsp'[^']*'";      # attr. variant
    my $att = "($att1|$att2)";                    # any attribute

    my @elements = ( );                    # stack of open elems

    # loop through the string to pull out XML markup objects
    while( length($text) ) {
        # match an empty element
        if( $text =~ /^<($ident)(\s+$att)*\s*\/>/ ) {
            $text = $';

        # match an element start tag
        } elsif( $text =~ /^<($ident)(\s+$att)*\s*>/ ) {
            push( @elements, $1 );
            $text = $';

        # match an element end tag
        } elsif( $text =~ /^<\/($ident)\s*>/ ) {
            if ( $1 ne pop @elements ) {
                warn "close tag $1 lacks open tag\n";
                return;
            }
            $text = $';

        # match a comment
        } elsif( $text =~ /^<!--/ ) {
            $text = $';
            # bite off the rest of the comment
            if( $text =~ /-->/ ) {
                $text = $';
                if( $` =~ /--/ ) {
                    warn "comment can't contain '--'\n";
                    return;
                }
            } else {
                warn "no end-comment fount after start-comment\n";
                return;
            }

        
        # match extra whitespace
        # (in case there is space outside the root element)
        } elsif( $text =~ m|^\s+| ) {
            $text = $';

        # match character data
        } elsif( $text =~ /(^[^<&>]+)/ ) {
            my $data = $1;
            $text = $';
            # make sure the data is inside an element
            if( $data =~ /\S/ and not( @elements )) {
                warn "data found outside root element\n";
                return;
            }
            
        # match entity reference
        } elsif( $text =~ /^&$ident;+/ ) {
            $text = $';
         
        # something unexpected
        } else {
            warn "something unexpected\n";
            return;
        }
    }
    if( @elements ) {
        warn "elements not closed at end of stream: @elements\n";
        return;
    }
    return 1;
}