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    # broomduster
    my $h = $a{$state}{$city};
    $h->{'Color'} = $color;

    # ikegami
    my $r = \( $a{$state}->{$city} );
    ${ $r }->{Color} = $color;

$a{'WI'}{'GreenBay'}{'Color'} = 'Black';

# broomduster
$VAR1 = {
          'WI' => {}
        };

# ikegami
$VAR1 = {
...
                                  }
                  }
        };

    my $h = $a{$state}{$city} ||= {};
    $h->{'Color'} = $color;