Applying the patch as recommended results in a successful install, it doesn't work otherwise.

Update: This isn't to say that the printf warning is wrong, it's just not the cause of OPs problem, the failure of the module installation. See http://matrix.cpantesters.org/?dist=TimeDate+2.30, all tests since the beginning of 2020 have failed. There are several open issues for the 2020 problem, also https://pandorafms.com/blog/2020-perl/.