G'day Aldebaran,

"Does anyone know this star by a different name?"

I'm no astronomer, but I do know a couple of constellations. Betelgeuse is in the constellation of Orion: it's his right shoulder, also known as "Alpha Orionis". There's some other names in "Wikipedia: Betelgeuse". That article has additional information which might be of interest to you; however, I'm in no position to vouch for its accuracy.

I'm unable to help with any of your other questions.

[Aside (cosmetic issues with your post): Using <pre> (block) and <tt> (inline) is absolutely fine for non-ASCII text. Unlike <code> and <c>, you have to manually handle special characters (e.g. write '&' as '&amp;'). In particular, you have a number of autogenerated links which shouldn't be there: please change instances of "[X]" to "&#91;X&#93;".]