The debugger can't edit files, editors edit files.

You need to combine² them if you want both.

Running emacs in the console is IMHO the closest you can do to have that look and feel of the debugger editing files.¹

Fletch's link to realgud has a screenshot , albeit for Python.

¹) well, IIRC, there is a command to spawn an (configurable) editor on the file debugged. Maybe that's what you want?

²) that's very much the meaning of IDE