my take on this is to KISS and to chain 2 (s)printf (similar to GF's second solution)

use 5.012;
use warnings;


my $width = 60 - 1;
my $scale = '1.......10........20........30........40........50.......
+.60';
my $long_string = q{The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog};
my $short_string = q{lazy dog};
my $pat = "%.2f %d/%d/%d %s";
my @aoa =
  (
   [ qw/79.3      2022  1   8    /, $long_string ],
   [ qw/394571    22    10  81   /, $long_string ],
   [ qw/123456.78 12345 123 1234 /, $long_string ],
   [ qw/79.3      2022  1   8    /, $short_string ],
);

say $scale;
for my $aref (@aoa) {
    printf "%.*s|\n" , $width =>
      sprintf ($pat => @$aref)
        . " "x$width;
}
[download]

OUTPUT:

1.......10........20........30........40........50........60
79.30 2022/1/8 The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog |
394571.00 22/10/81 The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy |
123456.78 12345/123/1234 The quick brown fox jumps over the|
79.30 2022/1/8 lazy dog                                    |
[download]

NB: I appended " "x $max_width for left alignment by minimal length.

There is most probably a possibility to enforce left alignment in the pattern, that I'm ignoring/missing.

update

off by one, corrected 60 to 59

update

> to enforce left alignment in the pattern, that I'm ignoring/missing.

prepending - to the pattern signals a left align, but we'll still need $witdh twice

use 5.012;
use warnings;


my $width = 60 - 1;
my $scale = '1.......10........20........30........40........50.......
+.60';
my $long_string = q{The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog};
my $short_string = q{lazy dog};
my $pat = "%.2f %d/%d/%d %s";
my @aoa =
  (
   [ qw/79.3      2022  1   8    /, $long_string ],
   [ qw/394571    22    10  81   /, $long_string ],
   [ qw/123456.78 12345 123 1234 /, $long_string ],
   [ qw/79.3      2022  1   8    /, $short_string ],
);

say $scale;
for my $aref (@aoa) {
    printf "%-*.*s|\n" , $width, $width =>
      sprintf ($pat => @$aref)
          ;
}
[download]