As other people have noted, a subsequent successful match resets the captured values. However, this doesn't have to create a problem; you can use the list behavior of captures in a regex to save them for reuse.
#!/usr/bin/perl -w
use strict;
my $line="One two three four five";
my @chunks;
if(@chunks = $line =~ m/(one)\s(two)\s(three)\s(four)\s(five)/i){
$chunks[0] =~ s/One/ONE/; # Change the first chunk
$chunks[1] =~ s/two/tWo/; # Change the second chunk
# ...
}
print "@chunks\n";
Output:
ONE tWo three four five
--
"Language shapes the way we think, and determines what we can think about."
-- B. L. Whorf
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