And to avoid the temp variable — not really a valid goal, but kind of fun — and not repeat the grep:

my @a1 = qw'only keep ones that have es';
my @a2 = qw'art  bart cart dart eart good';

@a1 = @a1[sort {$a <=> $b} grep {$a1[$_] =~ /e/ or do { splice @a2, $_
+, 1; 0 } } reverse 0..$#a1];
print "@a1\n@a2\n";
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It gets a little complicated, mostly because of the gyrations necessary to splice out the right element after others have been removed.